A list. 2 pages.

From: 10 Things You Should Know About Designing with Batteries

Article about battery contacts. 9 pages.

From: Battery Contacts

A guide on battery cavity design prepared by Duracell. 9 pages.

From: Duracell Battery Cavity Design

A glossary of battery terms. 5 pages.

From: Glossary: Technical Battery Terms

Brian states, "This notebook serves as a convenient, easy to use programming reference for the command structure and basic syntax of the Arduino microcontroller." 40 pages.

From: Arduino Programming Notebook

The purpose of this page is to introduce the student to hardware interrupts on micro-controllers.

From: Electronics for Students and Hobbyists

An Arduino library for the MAX7221 and MAX7219.

From: Arduino Playground

Posted on 05 Oct 2010, 21:35, by Didier, under DSP, Vibration sensors.

Didier wrote, "Conceptually speaking FFT is pretty simple. Practically, FFT is tough! So that I will not go into all the details of this algorithm and I will stay focused on its use and applications. This series of posts will end up with a fully featured library that you will able to use for all sorts of applications, without bothering about the math."

From: Arduino Fast Fourier Transform

Here are a few demo-sketches using the LedControl-library.

From: Arduino Playground

This link takes you to the Arduino site where you'll be able to download the latest version. 20 pages.

From: Arduino Playground

The AVR Libc package provides a subset of the standard C library for Atmel AVR 8-bit RISC microcontrollers. In addition, the library provides the basic startup code needed by most applications. 417 pages.

From: AVR C Runtime Library Summary

From: Hackaday

From Ladyada's AVR Tutorial

A program for download/uploading AVR microcontroller fash and eeprom. 34 pages.

WinAVR is a suite of executable, open source software development tools for the Atmel AVR series of RISC microprocessors and AVR32 series of microprocessors hosted on the Windows platform. It includes the GNU GCC compiler for C and C++.

From: WinAVR User Manual

Most electronics enthusiasts are familiar with the graphical user interface, or GUI. The other user interface is known as a command shell. Cay Horstmann wrote, "A command shell is simply a window without any graphical decorations. You type commands, using the keyboard, and you see the results of the commands displayed as text. There are no icons, and you can use the mouse only in limited circumstances." Windows Shell is the Windows 'command shell'. WinAVR uses the Windows Shell; therefore, understanding the basics of a command shell is imperative. This tutorial should satisfy that need.

From: Windows Shell Tutorial

This document is the System Reference Manual for the BeagleBone Black and covers its use and design. 116 pages.

Put out by beagleboard.org. 11 pages.

Created by Justin Cooper and published as an online tutorial by Adafruit. Cooper wrote, "The Device Tree (DT), and Device Tree Overlay are a way to describe hardware in a system. An example of this would be to describe how the UART interfaces with the system, which pins, how they should be muxed, the device to enable, and which driver to use. The original BeagleBone didn't use the DT, but the recently released BeagleBone Black was released with the DT and is now using the 3.8 Linux Kernel. The following pages will attempt to break down the concepts, and give examples on how and why you'd want to use the device tree in your every day development and hacking." 14 pages.

This is the official BeagleBone Black Wiki maintained and supported by BeagleBoard.org a non-profit 501(C) organization.

From: Beagleboard

This tutorial is written by Justin Cooper and published online at Adafruit. 17 pages.

From: Adafruit

From: PCB Heaven

This Stanford CS Education document tries to summarize all the basic features of the C language. 45 pages.

From: Essential C

This tutorial is designed to be a stand-alone introduction to C, even if you've never programmed before.

From: Intro to C

This tutorial is written by Joe Pardue and published online at Smiley Micros. 39 pages.

From: C Programming for Microcontrollers

From: How Stuff Works

This document is intended to introduce pointers to beginning programmers in the C programming language. 53 pages.

C is a computer language available on the GCOS and UNIX operating systems at Murray Hill and (in preliminary form) on OS/360 at Holmdel. C lets you write your programs clearly and simply. It has decent control flow facilities so your code can be read straight down the page, without labels or GOTO's; it lets you write code that is compact without being too cryptic; it encourages modularity and good program organization; and it provides good datastructuring facilities. 24 pages.

From: How Stuff Works.

A Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies white paper. The C programming language was devised in the early 1970s as a system implementation language for the nascent Unix operating system. Derived from the typeless language BCPL, it evolved a type structure; created on a tiny machine as a tool to improve a meager programming environment, it has become one of the dominant languages of today. 20 pages.

This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for the Unicode Standard, Version 5.2. 6 pages.

This tutorial is an introduction to the C++ Language.

From: Intro to C

This tutorial is an introductory tutorial for C and C++ programmers detailing how the various unary [having, consisting of, or acting on a single element, item, or component—monadic¹] and binary operators work, and the effects that using them can bring.

From: C Programming for Microcontrollers

From: Capacitor Chart

From: Capacitor Code Information

From: Capacitor Conversion Chart

From: Ceramic Capacitor Codes

From: Saleae 2014 Web Edition

From: Planet Analog

From: EE|Times

From: EE|Times

From: Embedded

From: EE|Times

From: Hacktronics

A Brief Mathematical Guide to Electromagnetic Radiation. 191 pages.

From: ermicroblog

From: I²C Bus.org

This I²C tutorial shows you how the I²C protocol works at the physical bit level. It only discusses single master mode (a single controlling device) as this is the most common use for I²C in a small system. 8 pages.

I²C-bus compatible ICs allow a system design to rapidly progress directly from a functional block diagram to a prototype. Moreover, since they 'clip' directly onto the I²C-bus without any additional external interfacing, they allow a prototype system to be modified or upgraded simply by 'clipping' or 'unclipping' ICs to or from the bus. 24 pages.

The I²C bus is used in a wide range of applications because it is simple and quick to use. It consists of a two-wire communication bus that supports bidirectional data transfer between a master and several slaves. The master or processor controls the bus — in particular, the serial clock (SCL) line. 13 pages.

Overview and Use of the PICmicro^® MSSP I²C Interface with a 24xx01x EEPROM. 88 pages.

In this tutorial we will learn how to use I²C interface by using Arduino Uno Rev3 with wire.h library. I²C stands for "Inter-Integrated Circuit", which was invented and developed by Philips' semiconductor division (now NXP) in the late 1970s. They need to reduce the number of data lines that travel between various integrated circuits. I²C interface is solution because it consists of only two lines where called SDA is carrying the data bits and the second called SCL is used as a clock signal. 6 pages.

When working with LED Lighting products for the first time or even if you are an experienced user certain aspects of LED Lighting can be a bit confusing. If you do not have all of the correct components or you do not properly calculate your LED supplies then you risk damaging your product, fire hazard, or simply your product not working at all. Follow these simple LED Lighting Tutorials in order to be certain that you are using and installing all of you LED products appropriately. 6 pages.

This book discusses DC. 560 pages.

This book discusses AC. 568 pages.

This book discusses semiconductors. 568 pages.

This book discusses digital electronics. 517 pages.

This book discusses equations and laws. 169 pages.

Electronics is a science, and a very accessible science at that. With other areas of scientific study, expensive equipment is generally required to perform any non-trivial experiments. Not so with electronics. Many advanced concepts may be explored using parts and equipment totaling under a few hundred US dollars. This is good, because hands-on experimentation is vital to gaining scientific knowledge about any subject. 425 pages.

From: Hackaday.

Discusses the effects of a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) on Earth;s magnetic field. 17 pages.

This tutorial is written for amateur radio astronomers and amateur radio operators who wish to understand the causes and characteristics of Earth's magnetic field and how it is affected by solar activity. 35 pages.

Teacher's Guide. 9 pages.

Micro-controllers are useful to the extent that they communicate with other devices, such as sensors, motors, switches, keypads, displays, memory and even other micro-controllers./p>

Many interface methods have been developed over the years to solve the complex problem of balancing circuit design criteria such as features, cost, size, weight, power consumption, reliability, availability, manufacturability.

Many microcontroller designs typically mix multiple interfacing methods. In a very simplistic form, a micro-controller system can be viewed as a system that reads from (monitors) inputs, performs processing and writes to (controls) outputs. 15 pages.

This paper is the first in a series about various microcontroller communication interfaces, their application, features, benefits and disadvantages. 13 pages.

A typical microcontroller has bit manipulation instructions. A microcontroller is a highly integrated device which includes, on one chip, all or most of the parts needed to perform an application control function. Microcontrollers come in many varieties. Depending on the power and features that are needed, customers might choose a 4, 8, 16, or 32 bit microcontroller. 12 pages.

High digital edge rates correspond to high frequencies and as digital rates increase and edges slew faster, it is becoming necessary to use high frequency, that is to say, analog, techniques in the design of printed circuit boards.

All lines carrying signals, digital or analog, are transmission lines, not just simple traces. We can often consider these lines to be simple traces and get away with it, but that can often be a dangerous consideration as far as the integrity of the signal is concerned.

Transmission lines, of course, need to be properly terminated to avoid signal reflections that can cause both distortion and radiation. The distortion, of course, can lead to a change of timing and jitter. The jitter, in turn, results in noise in the ADC conversion result. 35 pages.

From: High Frequency Electronics.

A measure of a good receiver is to have the same performance with the lowest level of incident optical power. 10 pages.

From: Difference Amplifier/Common Mode Rejection Ratio

From: Electronics Tutorials

All op-amps are differential input devices. Designers are accustomed to working with these inputs and connecting each to the proper potential. What happens when there are two outputs? How does a designer connect the second output? How are gain stages and filters developed? This application note will answer these questions and give a jumpstart to apprehensive designers. 17 pages.

Fully differential op amps may be unfamiliar to some designers. This application report gives designers the essential information to get a fully differential design up and running. 10 pages.

From: Op Amps

From: Op Amp Circuits

From: OCW MIT EDU Resources

From: Gammon Forum

A power supply converting AC line voltage to DC power must perform the following functions at high efficiency and at low cost:

1. Rectification: Convert the incoming AC line voltage to DC voltage.

2. Voltage transformation: Supply the correct DC voltage level(s).

3. Filtering: Smooth the ripple of the rectified voltage.

4. Regulation: Control the output voltage level to a constant value irrespective of line, load and temperature changes.

5. Isolation: Separate electrically the output from the input voltage source.

6. Protection: Prevent damaging voltage surges from reaching the output; provide back-up power or shut down during a brown-out.

11 pages.

This document provides design suggestions for various power supply form factors. The power supplies are primarily intended for use with desktop system designs. It should not be inferred that all power supplies must conform exactly to the content of this document, though there are key parameters that define mechanical fit across a common set of platforms. Since power supply needs vary depending on system configuration, the design specifics described are not intended to support all possible systems. 104 pages.

A Basic Power Supply Glossary

In terms of performance, a linear regulated supply has very precise regulating properties and responds quickly to variations of the line and load. Hence, its line and load regulation and transient recovery time are superior to supplies using other regulation techniques. A linear power supply also exhibits low ripple and noise, tolerates ambient temperature changes, and is highly reliable due to its circuit simplicity. 8 pages.

From: Gammon Forum

From: makeuseof

From: Adafruit Industries

The DS3231 is a low-cost, extremely accurate I²C realtime clock (RTC) with an integrated temperaturecompensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) and crystal. The device incorporates a battery input, and maintains accurate timekeeping when main power to the device is interrupted. The integration of the crystal resonator enhances the long-term accuracy of the device as well as reduces the piece-part count in a manufacturing line. 20 pages.

From: Macetech

This is a quick reference guide introducing the key definitions for Freescale?s accelerometers to help users better interpret and understand the parameters from our data sheets and application notes. 3 pages.

This technical note has been written to clarify some of the terminology used to describe the operation and performance of solid state image sensors. It is intended for use by anyone considering using these sensors in a systems design, and particularly for first time users. 27 pages.

These sensors function in an identical manner to energetic diffuse sensors, but using the angle of incidence, rather than the amount of reflected light. For this reason, the operating distance depends only to a slight extent on the target's size, color, or surface nature. The target can therefore be accurately recognized even on a light background. 4 pages.

Terminology prepared by Honeywell. 6 pages.

Standard sensor terminology. 11 pages.

This tutorial is part of the National Instruments Measurement Fundamentals series. Each tutorial in this series, will teach you a specific topic of common measurement applications, by explaining the theory and giving practical examples. This tutorial will cover sensors and the terminology associated with them. For the complete list of tutorials, return to the NI Measurement Fundamentals Main page. 5 pages.

The intent of this Hand Soldering is to train personnel who instruct, fabricate, or inspect space flight hardware to NASA Standard Soldered Electrical Connections (NASA-STD-8379.3). This is a hands-on course. 125 pages.

In typical SPI systems with one master and multiple slaves, a dedicated chip-select signal is used to address an individual slave. As the number of slaves increase, so do the number of chip-select lines. In this situation, the board layout of the system can become quite a challenge. One layout alternative is daisy-chaining. This article explains the details of a daisy-chained SPI system and shows how software can be used to propagate commands through a string of slaves. 8 pages.

Overview of SPI using the C8051F700. 23 pages.

This was originally written as a workbook, but has now been changed to a worked example for how to interface a flash memory to the microcontroller using the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). The original exercises are now described as steps, with an explanation of the testing involved at each step. 6 pages.

As the complexity of user applications increases, many designers find themselves needing multiple microprocessors to provide necessary functionality in a circuit. Communication between multiple processors can often be difficult, especially when differing processors are used. A possible solution to this problem is usage of the serial peripheral interface (SPI), an interface intended for communication between integrated circuits on the same printed wire board. 28 pages.

SPI is a simple, 3-wire, full duplex, synchronous serial data transfer that interfaces to many devices, even many non-SPI peripherals. It can be a master or slave interface. 10 pages.

When the contacts of any mechanical switch bang together they rebound a bit before settling, causing bounce. Debouncing, of course, is the process of removing the bounces, of converting the brutish realities of the analog world into pristine ones and zeros. Both hardware and software solutions exist, though by far the most common are those done in a snippet of code. 26 pages.

Due to mechanical properties of a switch, when a switch is closed, there is a period of time in which the electrical connection "bounces" between open and closed. To a microcontroller, this "bouncing" can be interpreted as multiple button pushes. Therefore, we must either build a circuit to supress the "bouncing" or we must do so in our software. This is known as "debouncing a switch".

From: Micah Carrick

From: 1728 Software Systems

This book explains how to turn the datasheet and application notes for the TLC5940, a 16 channel LED driver with dot correction and grayscale PWM control, into an unencumbered C library for use with an AVR microcontroller. 76 pages.

Described in this document are application ideas and reference designs for the TLC5940 LED driver. 6 pages.

The TLC5940 is a 16-channel, constant-current sink LED driver. Each channel has an individually adjustable 4096-step grayscale PWM brightness. LED Power Supply Voltage up to 17 V control and a 64-step, constant-current sink (dot correction). The dot correction adjusts the brightness variations between LED channels and other LED drivers. The dot correction data is stored in an integrated EEPROM. Both grayscale control and dot correction are accessible via a serial interface. A single external resistor sets the maximum current value of all 16 channels. 32 pages.

TLC5940 dot correction compensates for variations in LED brightness 4 pages.

The TLC5940 drives 16 LED channels with each channel able to drive a number of series LEDs. The number of series LEDs the TLC5940 can drive is dictated by the available LED supply voltage, and the voltage rating of the OUTx pins. However, in applications where higher LED supply voltages are necessary, such as when driving many series LEDs, a MOSFET placed in series with the OUTx pin and series LED(s) can be used to widen the range of applications where the TLC5940 can be used. 6 pages.

Included in this selection guide are design factors, featured products, graphic representations of portfolios and parametric tables. 121 pages.

TLC5940 Programming Flowchart. 2 pages.

TLC5940 PWM dimming provides superior color quality in LED video displays. 4 pages.

This user's guide describes the characteristics, operation, and use of the TLC5940EVM-106 evaluation module (EVM). This EVM is designed to help the user evaluate and test the various operating modes of the TLC5940. 18 pages.

Students observe the operation of a tri-state buffer used in digital electronics.

From: Wisc-Online

From: USB.org/developers

FTDI commissioned this e-Book. 137 pages.

Code examples for the eBook are available from the FTDI website at: Code Examples

Very useful. From: EE Herald

This document provides guidelines for integrating a AT85C51SND3Bx high speed USB device controller onto a 4-layer PCB. The material covered can be broken into two main categories: board design guidelines and layout examples. 8 pages.